Request for Order California Rules of Court Family Law Discovery

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Constabulary Technology in the The states

Requests for police services are generally transmitted to headquarters by phone and then past radio to officers in the field. Constabulary accept long operated on the theory that fast response time results in more arrests and less risk or injury to victims. The current trend is toward handling calls by priority, with emergency response reserved for cases involving an injured political party or those in which a reasonable take chances exists to forestall a crime or make an arrest at the scene. Modern figurer-assisted dispatching systems permit automatic pick of the nearest officeholder in service. In some cities, officers can receive letters displayed on computer terminals in their cars, without spoken communication from headquarters. An officer, for example, tin can key in the license number of a doubtable machine and receive an immediate response from the computer as to the condition of the car and the owner'due south identity.

An increasing number of agencies are at present using computers to link crime patterns with certain suspects. Fingerprints found at crime scenes can be electronically compared with fingerprint files.

In recent years technological advances accept been made in such areas as vocalisation identification, apply of the scanning electron microscope, and claret testing which is an of import tool because only 2 persons in seventy,000 have identical blood characteristics. Some of the new laboratory techniques, although highly effective, are extremely expensive, so their use is limited to the near challenging cases.

Task 5. Answer the following questions:

1. 
   What are the current trends in police work in the United states of america?
   
2. 
   What cases are handled by priority under the new
   approach?
   

3. 
   How do computers assistance in police work?
   
4. 
   What technological advances have been made in law-and-
   lodge campaign?
   
5. 
   Why is claret testing an important tool in criminal offence detection?
   

TASK half-dozen. Discover in the text in a higher place the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1. 
   пострадавшая сторона
   
2. 
   предотвратить преступление
   
3. 
   осуществить арест на месте преступления
   
4. 
   отпечатки пальцев
   
5. 
   быстрое реагирование
   
6. 
   печатать, вводить с клавиатуры
   
7. 
   технический прогресс
   

Job 7. Render the following text into English language paying special attention to the words and expressions given in bold type:

Большое число расследований уголовных преступлений,

ведущихся американскими правоохранительными органами, вынудило ФБР приступить к созданию новой криминалисти­ческой лаборатории. Лаборатория будет оснащена новейшим оборудованием для баллистической, химической, судебно-ме­ дицинской и других видов экспертизы, необходимых для рас­следования различных преступлений.

Лаборатория ФБР, которая находится в Вашингтоне, на протяжении многих лет остается крупнейшей и лучшей в стране. Однако в последнее время она не справляется с огром­ным потоком заданий, поступающих не только от головного ве­ домства, но и из других правоохранительных органов.

Необходимость создания новой лаборатории продиктована также тем, что ФБР все чаще приходится заниматься рассле­ дованием сложнейших дел, связанных с международным тер­ роризмом, организованной преступностью и контрабандой нар­ котиков.

Руководство ФБР планирует создание единой компьютер­ ной базы данных всех правоохранительных органов США, ко­торая будет содержать информацию о преступниках и их со­общниках и вещественных доказательствах, собранных в ходе расследований.

106

Merely English language. Английский для юристов

It's Interesting to Know Alphonse Bertillion

The problem of identifying criminals was fabricated much easier past Bertillion, who, in 1882, invented a system called anthropometry. As head of the identification department of the Paris police he had careful measurements fabricated of the head, limbs and torso of every criminal he could lay his hands on, who could and so not get away in the future by giving a simulated proper noun. Photography was likewise used for the first time. Many hundreds of criminals were defenseless in the first years of the arrangement's operation, but it was before long replaced by fingerprinting. To Bertillion, though, must go the credit for creating the science of human identification.

Argue

Cybercop: An Culling to Policeman?

Divide into groups — pro and con, and deport a argue on the necessity of new technologies in police work.

Appoint the ^{Chair' of the contend who will give the floor to the speakers of both teams.

Use the agile vocabulary from the Unit of measurement.

Affiliate IV FAIR TRIAL: THE JURY

108

Just English. Английский для юристов

Chapter Iv. Fair Trial: the Jury

109

UNIT 1. ORIGINS OF THE JURY

BRAINSTORM

Acquittal / Sentencing Apprehension Bringing charges Bringing in a verdict Imprisonment Jury trial Law custody Questioning

Suit the legal actions listed higher up into a logical chain. What is the identify of jury trial in this sequence?

Early Juries

A jury is a body of lay men and women randomly selected to determine facts and to provide a decision in a legal proceeding. Such a body traditionally consists of 12 people and is chosen a petit jury or trial jury.

The exact origin of the jury system is non known; diverse sources accept attributed it to different European peoples who at an early flow developed like methods of trial The jury is probably of Frankish origin, showtime with inquisition, which had an accusatory and interrogatory role. Trial by jury was brought to England by the Normans in 1066.

In medieval Europe, trials were commonly decided past ordeals, in which it was believed God intervened, revealing the wrongdoer and upholding the righteous. In the ordeal by water, for example, a priest admonished the water not to accept a liar. The person whose oath was being tested was then thrown in. If he floated, his oath was deemed to have been perjured. If he was telling the truth, he might drown but his innocence was clear.

In 1215, all the same, the Catholic Church decided that trial by ordeal was superstition, and priests were forbidden to have part. As a result, a new method of trial was needed, and the jury organization emerged.

At start the jury was fabricated up of local people who could be expected to know the defendant. A jury was convened just to "say the truth" on the basis of its knowledge of local diplomacy. The word verdict reflects this early on function; the Latin earth from which information technology is derived, veredictum, means "truly said".

In the 14^th century the office of the jury finally became that of judgment of evidence. Past the 15^th century trial by jury became the dominant mode of resolving a legal consequence. It was not until centuries later on that the jury causeless its modern role of deciding facts on the sole basis of what is heard in court.

Job 1. Find in the text the words that mean the following:

• 
  test of a case before a court of police;
  

• 
  a one-time method of trial used to determine guilt or innocence
  past subjecting the accused person to serious concrete danger,
  the event beingness regarded every bit a divine judgment;
  
• 
  a solemn appeal to a court to witness 1'due south determination to
  speak the truth;
  

• 
  freedom from sin or moral wrong;
  

• 
  a belief or practise resulting from ignorance, fear of the
  unknown, trust in magic or hazard.
  

TASK 2. Answer the following questions:

1. 
   What is a jury?
   
2. 
   How were cases resolved before jury organization emerged?
   
3. 
   Why was in that location a need for jury organization?
   
4. 
   What was the function of the first juries?
   
5. 
   How did the role of the jury change through the
   centuries?
   

Job 3. Read the post-obit text and write down the Russian equivalents for the words and expressions given in bold blazon:

Ordeal

Ordeal is a judgement of the truth of some merits or allegation by diverse means based on the belief that the outcome will reverberate the judgement of supernatural powers and that these powers volition

no

Just English language. Английский для юристов

Chapter IV. Fair Trial: the Jury

111

ensure the triumph of right. Although fatal consequences often nourish an ordeal, its purpose is not punitive.

The primary types of ordeal are ordeals by divination, physical test, and boxing. A Burmese ordeal by divination involves two parties beingness furnished with candles of equal size and lit simultaneously; the owner of the candle that outlasts the other is adjudged to take won his cause. Another form of ordeal past divination is the appeal to the corpse for the discovery of its murderer.

The ordeal by concrete test, specially past fire or water, is the nearly mutual. In Hindu codes a married woman may be required to pass through fire to show her fidelity to a jealous husband; traces of called-for would be regarded every bit proof of guilt. The practice of dunking suspected witches was based on the notion that h2o, equally the medium of baptism, would 'accept', or receive, the innocent and 'refuse' the guilty. Court officials would necktie the woman's anxiety and hands together and then drop her into some deep h2o. If she went straight to the bottom and drowned, information technology was a sure sign that she wasn't a witch. On the other manus, if she didn't sink and just bobbed effectually for a while, the police said she was to exist condemned as a witch.

In ordeal past combat, or ritual combat, the victor is said to win not past his ain force but because supernatural powers have intervened on the side of the correct, as in the duel in the European Middle Ages in which the 'sentence of God' was thought to determine the winner. If nonetheless alive afterwards the combat, the loser might exist hanged or burned for a criminal offence or have a manus cut off and property confiscated in civil actions.

TASK 4. Answer the post-obit questions:

1. 
   What was the purpose of ordeal in early ages?
   
2. 
   What were the main types of ordeals?
   
3. 
   What did ordeal by divination consist of?
   
4. 
   What did ordeal by burn have to prove?
   
5. 
   In what way was ordeal by h2o devised?
   
6. 
   What concept was at the basis of ordeal by combat?
   

It's Interesting' to Know

Instructions for Justices of the Peace in The 16^thand 17^thursday Century England Relating to Witches

1. 
   Conjuration, or Invocation of any evil Spirit, for any intent,
   or to be counselling, or aiding thereto, is Felony without benefit
   of Clergy.
   
2. 
   To consult, entertain, employ, feed, or reward any evil
   Spirit, to or for whatever intent or purpose, is Felony in such offenders,
   their aiders and counsellors.
   
3. 
   To have up any dead trunk, or whatever part thereof, to be
   employed or used in whatsoever way of Witchcraft, is Felony in such
   offenders, their aiders and counsellors.
   
4. 
   Besides to use or practice Witchcrafts, Enchantment, Charm,
   or Sorcery, whereby whatsoever person shall be killed, pinned, or lamed
   in whatsoever part of their torso, or to be counselling or aiding thereto,
   is Felony. By the ancient common constabulary such offenders were to be
   burned.
   

At present confronting these Witches, (existence the about cruel, revengeful, and bloody of all the rest) the Justices of Peace may not always await direct evidence, seeing all their works are the works of darkness, and no witnesses nowadays with them to accuse them.

These are the primary points to discover and convict these Witches; for they prove fully that those Witches have fabricated a League with the Devil:

I. These Witches have normally a Spirit, which appeareth
to them; sometimes in i shape, sometimes in another; as in the
shape of a Human, Woman, Boy, Dog, Cat, Foal, Fowl, Hare, Rat, Toad,
& And to these Spirits they give names, and they meet together
to christen them (as they speak).

10. The Testimony of other Witches, confessing their own Witchcrafts, and witnessing against the suspected, that they have Spirits or Marks; that they have been at their meetings; that they take told them what impairment they have done.

II. If the dead trunk bleeds upon the Witches touching information technology.

13. 
    The Exam and Confession of the Children (able &
    fit to answer) or Servants of the Witch. Also whether they accept
    seen her phone call upon, speak to, or feed whatever Spirit, or such similar, or
    have heard her foretell of this mishap, or speak of her power to
    hurt, or of her transportation to this or that identify.
    
14. 
    Their own voluntary Confession (which exceeds all other
    bear witness), of the injure they have done, or of the giving of their
    souls to the Devil, and of the Spirits which they have, how many,
    how they call them, and how they came by them.
    

112

Just English language. Английский для юристов

Affiliate Four. Off-white Trial: the Jury

113

Unit of measurement 2. JURY DUTY

Task i. Read the following text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:

The Fright of Jury Duty

For Americans, serving jury duty has always been a dreaded chore. There is plenty of history behind this fright. In colonial days, jurors were locked in a small room with no ventilation and were denied food and h2o in an attempt to inspire a quick verdict. If the jurors returned with the wrong decisions, they besides were charged with a offense. As more and more laws were passed, the rules of evidence expanded and trials became longer, which resulted in more technical and increasingly boring hours for jurors. Trial lawyers have tried to change the boredom by replacing endless hours of testimony with computer blitheness, video reconstructions, color charts and graphics to better explicate the testify.

The judicial system depends on juries. The United States Constitution guarantees its citizens the right to a trial by jury of their peers. When summoned for jury duty, Americans should look upon it as an opportunity to serve their state, their community, and their boyfriend citizens.

Each year, over 5 million Americans are summoned for jury duty to return verdicts in approximately 120,000 trials.

Prospective jurors are called at random from voter registration lists. When people are called for jury duty, they are often shown a video tape explaining the jury system or given a HANDBOOK ON JURY SERVICE.

TASK 2. Answer the post-obit questions:

1. 
   Why have Americans always feared the jury service?
   
2. 
   In what conditions were jurors kept in colonial days? Why?
   
3. 
   How has trial process changed through the years?
   

1. 
   Why is the correct to a jury trial considered to be so important
   for the U.S. citizens?
   

fhe following text comes from a handbook on jury service for the U.South. citizens.

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